History of Paris

Paris was founded in about 3 century BC Celtic tribe Halle. When in 52 BC end military clashes between the gallium and the Romans, legions of Julius Caesar took control of the territory. In the 2 century AD Christianity came here, as in the 5 th century AD, after the tribe francs dominion over the Romans. In 508 BC Frankish king Klovis I joined Gallia to his kingdom and made Paris his capital. 

Paris - a modest residence Merovingskih first and then Caroline kings - has become a real capital in the year 987, when Hugo Kapet founded a new dynasty, and has given the city status, which he maintained throughout the history of France. Since then, the Paris has begun to grow vigorously, not only in terms of urban development, but also as a cultural center. Ascending to the throne of Philip II Augustus, who ruled from 1180 to 1223 he worked. Is like the starting point of one of the finest periods in the history of Paris: the Louvre, and construction began in 1215, was founded by the University. New heyday was in the reign of Louis IX, called the Holy One, which lasted from 1226 to 1270gg. At that time, was built Saint-Chapelle and greatly advanced the work on the construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris. The next dynasty, the dynasty of Valois (not the one whose articles you read in PariSuar), Paris has experienced one of the worst periods in its history: 1358 was the year of the uprising led by the heads of the Parisian guild of merchants - Etienne Marcel. Charles V to restore order in the country, he built the Bastille. 

Paris more than 2,000 years. In ancient times, Paris was called lutecium or Lyuteche (Lutetia / Lutece), then it conquered Julius Caesar, and until the early Middle Ages the city was something of a regional center of Roman authority. Finishing this period that Kapet Hugo, Count of Paris becomes King of France, he and his ancestors, Kappetingi, and set of cities as the national capital. Inspired by and restless, often characterized as Parisians, for the first time declared themselves an independent municipality under the leadership of Etienne Marcel. Bastille - one of the main action Parisians during the first French Revolution, as Parisians played not the last role in the subsequent second and third revolution. During the Franco-Prussian War, the city kept the siege of 4 months, while France has not surrendered. After the departure of German troops, Parisian radicals without losing time, established the Paris Commune. In the First World War the Germans to Paris is not reached, while the second did captured the city. Since then, the city once again witnessed violence during the student uprisings. 

Today, Paris retains all its importance, majesty and charm, despite the fact that his face mercilessly changing such settings as Beburg (Beauburg) and an ambitious building program "Big Projects" (Grands Projets), carried out under the presidency of François Mitterrand. In addition to the arch Le Defense and Bastilskoy Opera, Mitterrand projects included renovation of the Louvre architect Pe (Pei), a set of La Vilett in the north-eastern outskirts of the city, and in the south-east - the Library of France, equipped with computers with the latest technology.

History of Paris

 
Paris - the capital of France. Paris came in I in. BC. e. Cité on the island, where it is now the oldest part. During the famous gallic hikes Romans built a fortress here lutetium. City got its name from Gallic Parisi tribe who inhabited this place before the new era. The city grew around its ancient nucleus - Cité island. Urban neighborhoods spread in the valley of the Seine, on the hills of Montmartre, Valérien. Connected bridges Seine with its beautiful hills and shady embankments de bark extraordinarily beautiful city. The river divides the city into two almost equal parts. 
The banks of the Seine in the Greater Paris connecting 60 bridges. On the quay are visible islands of Saint Louis Cathedral and the Cité from Notre Dame de Paris (Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris) - architectural monument of the early Gothic. He was laid to 1163g. and was built almost two hundred years. Once his 90-meter bell tower was the highest in the city, and the bell tysyachepudovy today «interpretation» of the days of national holidays. In the days of solemn cathedral holds about 10 thousand people. Inside the cathedral, several bodies associated with the Messiah. With the towers of a cathedral, with a height of 68m, a wonderful view on Paris and its center. 
Arkolsky bridge output from the Cathedral of Our Lady at the Paris Town Hall Square. At one time it was called Grevskaya and a place of public execution of criminals. In its center stood scaffold, horrified at the thought Parisians. Then in a westerly direction along the street Rivoli or the Seine embankment in the Louvre - the famous Museum of Art. Its exhibition space is almost 200 thousand m2. In the halls of the Louvre about 8 thousands of paintings and sculptures of different countries and times. Louvre includes seven main divisions, known museums: Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, Greece and Rome, the Museum of Oriental Antiquities, Museum of Sculpture of Middle Ages and the Renaissance, art museum, the Museum of Decorative Arts. Widely known such masterpieces stored here, as the Nike of Samothrace, celebrated Venus Milosskaya. There are marble statues «slaves» Michelangelo sculpted works of Donatello, Benvenuto Cellini and other Italian sculptor. In the Louvre exhibited the great creations of artists included in the world history of art, including the «Mona Lisa» Leonardo da Vinci, unique paintings by Raphael and Titian, Botticelli, Rubens, Velazquez, El Greco, Dürer, Van Dyck, a rich collection of French painting of XVII-XIX cc.: Poussin, David, Delacroix, Courbet, etc. 
On the area of Carousel is the Triumphal Arch, to immortalize the victory of Napoleon in the 1805-1806 biennium. For an arc from the Tuileries Gardens. The main part of it retained the original layout of the XVII century. In the garden presented a marble sculpture of the XVII-XVIII cc. For high openwork lattice, clearing a garden in the west, the main area of the French capital - Place de la Concorde. It was established in the 1753-1775 biennium. (architect Jean A. Gabriel) in honor of Louis XV. In the center of the square raised equestrian statue of Louis XV, in the overthrow 1792g., And the area became known as the Place de la Concorde. In 1836g. on-site architect of the royal statues of J. Loeb found the Egyptian obelisk in height of almost 23m, brought from Luxor, the palace of the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II. Obelisk more than thirty centuries. On both sides of the obelisk fountain with two sculptural allegories of the seas and rivers. Complete area of a circle of eight statues embodying the major French cities: Marseille, Lyon, Nantes, Rouen, Bordeaux, Brest, Lille and Strasbourg. 
From Place de la Concorde Champs Elysées start - one of the main arteries of Paris. Champs Elysées found the most beautiful street of the world. These are two of drowning in the green platanov and chestnuts broad boulevard. Around chetyrehstah meters from the Place de la Concorde, behind trees, is located Elysee Palace - the residence of the President of the French Republic. At the entrance to the palace are serving Guardsmen, dressed in the form of Napoleon's time. 
After another three hundred-odd meters of park area of the Champs Elysees ends and begins the second, longer part, built-up residential buildings with a typical Parisian high attics. In the first floors of the huge mirror showcases - expensive shops, restaurants, cafes and cinemas. Sidewalks along which grow the famous Parisian chestnuts, filled with a lively crowd. Champs Elysées - the place where it is possible to walk at any time of day. Especially impressive panorama of the area of the Champs Elysees Etoile. In the evenings over the prospect lights many lamps - white, blue, pink, yellow, which makes this line special holidays, distinguish it from other leaflets in Paris. 
Area Etoile is impressive not only because of the huge size of the Arc de Triomphe, standing in the center, but also because the waste from the rays of the twelve streets open in all directions far. Triumphal Arch of almost 50 meters high was erected in memory of Battle of Austerlitz. Under its arches of the tomb of the Unknown Soldier and the Eternal flame. In the period 1982-1986. at the «Royal axis» with the Triumphal Arch erected Most arch - monumental gate, a monument to President Mitterrand. The size of the arch is impressive: the height of 110 m, width of 106 meters from the roof of the Great Arch of the magnificent views of the La Défense - district of Paris, built ultramodern high-rise buildings. 
Fosh Street area of Charles de Gaulle is Bulonskomu the forest, one of the favorite place for entertainment and Parisians. This wonderful park covers nearly 900ga, in the alleys for walking and riding, lakes, ponds with islands, streams, water cascades, a great race track, zoo, restaurants and various pavilions. Near the park are aristocratic neighborhoods. 
On the right bank of the Seine is Chaillot Palace. His name, he is obliged to the old medieval castle. From the Arc de Triomphe to the street Kleber is aimed strictly at right angles Elysee fields. In the eastern wing of the palace is located underground theater for 3000 spectators, the scene of his under Seine. In the opposite wing of the Museum hosted the world and human civilization that combines remarkable ethnographic and anthropological collections, where the viewer can become acquainted with the art and material culture of peoples all over the world from ancient times to the present day. 
In the immediate vicinity of the Louvre, there are two interesting complex - Palais Royal and the Vendôme square. Palais Royal was built in the 1620's was for Cardinal Richelieu, and presented them with the royal family, and determined that his name (Royal Palace). Now in its Ministry of Culture. Vicinity of the palace stands a building celebrated French Comedy Theater Frances. 
Vendôme Square - one of the most beautiful squares of Paris, a wonderful piece of French urban planning in the XVII. It was constructed during the reign of Louis XIV at the site razed the palace of Duke Vendôme, hence its name. Column of Glory, height 43m ahead midway Square, erected in 1806 - 1810 biennium. architect Jacques Le pen in honor of victory in the Napoleonic army 1805g. - Like the famous Column of Trajan in Rome. It is cast from guns captured by Napoleon at Austerlitz. A column like about Vita spiral ribbon length 273m with world bas-relief depicting fighting Frenchman American army, and surmounted by a statue of Napoleon. 
Vicinity of the Vendôme Square, the Royal Street, stands mnogokolonnaya Madeleine church, which is very much like an ancient temple. Inside the church is finished with great luxury, it is the «velikosvetskoy» Church of Paris. On the steps of the eastern portal is a beautiful flower market. 
From the Madeleine Church in the north-easterly direction to extend the area of le Marais Bastille. Selected portions of the streets have names: Boulevard Madeleine, Capuchins, Italian, Montmartre, Puassoner, Bon Well-Vel, Saint-Denis and Saint-Martin, lead to the Republic Square. From the Republic Square line boulevard (Boulevard Tampl and Beaumarchais) goes to the south, bringing in the Bastille area. 
Great boulevards in the city occupy an important place. This is the traditional place of festivities. There are a huge number of shops, restaurants, bars. Especially a lot of cafes in almost every home of one - two to each - rows of tables, which sit under colorful tents and umbrellas visitors. Great boulevards are not as fashionable as Eli-seyskie Paul, but surpass the primary metropolitan highway diverse public and special, just typical Parisian boulevard in the pace of street life. It is not considered that great boulevards - the person in Paris. 
At Boulevard Capuchins highlights the Paris opera house - «Grand Opera». It is one of the largest theater building in the world. The auditorium, designed in purple-golden color, up to 2200 seats. It is luxuriously decorated with stucco decorations. Unusually richly finished main staircase and the main foyer. On the stage were top singers and dancers. The stage is huge, and stage management is difficult and technically perfect. A number of technical facilities located in five underground floors. In the lower floor is the world's largest repository of gramophones records with unique records. 
Boulevard Saint-Martin leads to the Republic Square. It has a long rectangular shape. In the center of a bronze statue of the Republic, established in 1883g. Hence, in a south-easterly direction at odds several streets: Street Republic, leading to the famous cemetery Per-Lashez, Boulevard Voltaire, ending at the square Nation, and Tampl Boulevard, which leads to the Bastille square. 
Bastille Square recalls the revolutionary past, the French capital. Once at the site raised a fortress, built back in the 70's in the XIV century. when King Charles V, and served as a prison. Bastille was a place of confinement of such famous prisoners as the «Iron Mask», Voltaire, Mirabeau - July 14, 1789g. insurgent attack the people of Paris took the terrible prison, which has seen a symbol of despotism. After the fall of Bastille was sryta to the ground. July 14 was the day for the French national holiday. In the 1831-1840 biennium. on the square was erected July column height of 47m in the memory of martyrs of the revolution in 1830, their names are engraved on the column. The summit is crowned by a gilded figure of the winged genius of Liberty sculptor Dumont. In the ensemble of the area is super-modern building of the New Opera House, opened in 1989. 
From the Bastille area to the eastern side street leads Fobur Saint-Antoine, enter into a large area of the Nation. As the area of Charles de Gaulle, from the different sides of the street is moving away, out of which the largest and wide - Avenue de Cour Vensen. This street runs in an easterly direction to Vensenskomu the forest, the second largest park in Paris after Bulonskogo. Its territory is about 900ga, of which about one-third occupied by meadows and large fields. This beautiful deciduous trees, winding alleys and paths, lakes with small islands. Vensen - a popular place for recreation residents of the eastern and northern parts of the city.

General information about the capital of France, Paris

France - one of the oldest states in Europe, modern in its territory of its main features formed in the XV century. The Republican form of government is finally established in 1870. 
France Area 547 030 square meters. km, 48 th place in the world 

Currently, France - Republic 
Head of state - president, 
The highest legislative body - the two ward Parliament (National Assembly and Senate). 
Mainland France is divided into 94 departments, which are added 2 Department on the island of Corsica, 6 overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique and French Guyana in Central America, as well as the Reunion at the south-east coast of Africa, Saint Pierre and Miquelon near the south-east coast Newfoundland) and 5 overseas territories (New Caledonia, French Polynesia, which was composed of islands, the Marquesas Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago, French Southern and Antarctic Territories, Wallis and Futuna Islands, located on the equator, in the south-western Pacific Ocean between Fiji and Samoa; Mayotte - one of the islands of the Comorian ridge at the eastern coast of Africa). Due to this, France is the third largest in the world after the U.S. and UK-sized marine holdings. 
In France, a four-level territorial administration: the state, regional (22 regions), the level of departments and municipalities. Since 1958 the country has a regime of the Fifth Republic, characterized by the concentration of political power in the hands of the president. Under the constitution the supreme legislative power is vested in Parliament. The official name of the country - the French Republic. The capital and largest city - Paris - is the largest urban agglomeration with a population of about 10 million people. 

The total population of 60,656 million. (2005), which places France at the 21 th place in the world and 4 th place in Europe by number of people. 
95% - the French. 
5% - the Portuguese, Algerians, Italians, Moroccans, Turks. 
The natural increase of population is 12 people per 1000 inhabitants. 
France - vysokourbanizirovannaya country: the proportion of urban population makes up 80%. Population density - 102 persons per 1 km2. 
Per capita income $ 16 569, 9 th place in the world 
Average life expectancy for women - 83 years, men - 76 year 

The official language is French, but on the outskirts of the country speak Basque (Pyrenees), Catalan (Roussillon), German (Alsace), bretanskom (Western Brittany), Flemish (District Dunkirk) and Corsican (dialect of Italian in Corsica). The French tend to learn and speak foreign languages, but very reluctant to talk to them with foreigners. 

Religion: 90% of the population profess Roman Catholicism, 2% - Protestants, 3% - 5%, and Jews - Muslims. 

Largest cities of France (more than 250 thousand inhabitants) - the capital, Paris and Marseilles, Lyon, Toulouse, Nice and Strasbourg. 

Number of tourist arrivals 67.31 million., 1 st place in the world

History of France

France - one of the major capitalist powers. 
The territory of France, was settled about a million years ago and for a long time did not change the composition of its population, while 3 thousand years ago, came here not Aryan tribes Celts (Gallo). Their long rule ended in 140-s BC, when the legions of Julius Caesar completed the accession of Gaul to Rome. During the period of Roman rule here to spread Latin. In the first centuries of our era, he finally ousted Celtic speech and the beginning of the modern French language. 
The weakening of Rome in the IV century, allowing the German tribes in the V century to win the Halle. In the south, established Visigoth, in the east - Burgundy and the north - the Franks. They have something to IX century, and conquered all of Gallia and adopted her its name. Dissolution of 843 in Frankish empire helped the western provinces as a separate state - France. Since the end of XII century in the country began a slow economic recovery, coupled with the centralization of power and industrial development, which allowed it to exhausting the Hundred War (1337-1453) divided England and complete the merger. 
France has become a powerful colonial empire, but the events of the Seven Years War (1756-1763) led to a loss of almost all the colonies, the loss of international prestige and an acute social crisis, which generated in 1789 of the French Revolution. Country free of all feudal remnants, but by the beginning of XIX century, the power in the state seized Napoleon. Since 1804 France has become an empire, it has strengthened the bourgeois order, and reached its highest splendor. World War II the Russian people in 1812 determined the collapse of Napoleon's empire and the country returned to a secondary position in world politics. A series of bourgeois revolutions (1830, 1848) contributed to the revival of the empire in 1852. France is once again a world leader, and only the strengthening of Germany once again overshadowed the State in the second role. In 1870, the country was approved by bourgeois-democratic form of government. 
The desire to revive the lost grandeur led France in the First World War against Germany. Success in helping strengthen the authority of the country and was embodied more in the victory over Nazi Germany. To date, this wonderful country is rightly considered one of the most advanced and respected in the world. 
During the pre-Second World War, the French Government, together with the governments of Great Britain and the United States condoned the aggressive policy of Nazi Germany. It will not prevent the German fascists occupy Austria and Czechoslovakia, and that helped unleash the Second World War. After Germany in 1939. attacked the ally of France - Poland, the French people outrage forced the Government to declare war on Germany. But it was a "strange war". The French military command was not going to war with Hitler, and when in May 1940. German troops invaded France, the French government reactionary deposited Paris and surrendered before the fascist aggressors. But at the end of 1944. French patriots, encouraged by victories of the Soviet Union and its allies over Nazi Germany, through the Anglo-American troops liberated his country from German occupation. Yet there were many military conflicts in which France took part. For several years the French imperialists have rebelled against the Vietnam war. 7 years, they have the war in Algeria, whose people demanded independence. In 1956. France, together with Britain and Israel, the beginning of military intervention in Egypt. But Egypt has been supported by many peace-loving countries (including the USSR). In 1961. France has stepped up its activities secret armed organization (SLA). There is a threat of fascism, but the government managed to resolve this difficult situation. 
France - a highly developed industrial-agrarian country. In terms of industrial production, it is ranked fourth after the USA, England and the former West Germany. Its industry and agriculture is very diverse and varied as the natural conditions of the country. 
At the mines of France produce a lot of iron ore and bauxite, coal and potash salt; mountain rivers are hydroelectric. In engineering plants capable hands of French workers created cars and locomotives, machines and tractors, engines and miscellaneous equipment; at the shipyards constructing the port cities of the court. Chemical companies produce acids, artificial fibers, dyes, plastics, pharmaceuticals. France is famous for long perfume. Textile mills produce fabrics of cotton and linen, of synthetic and natural silk. 
In France, almost all the cultivated crops of temperate zone, wheat and barley, corn and oats, sugar beet and potatoes. Vineyards and orchards have almost all areas of France. On the sunny Mediterranean coast mature olive trees, oranges, lemons and other fruits; here разводят many flowers, especially roses. At Sèvres country is the most important coal basin of France. It provides almost half the coal mined in the country. Own the French do not have enough coal, but iron ore so much that a large part of it is exported. The main iron ore deposits are located in the north-east of the country - in Lorraine. There is concentrated and the majority of metallurgical plants. 
France - maritime country. In the northern borders of its cold, lead tint wave pleschutsya a steep banks, washed away the soft limestone rocks and cliffs form the most bizarre forms. People had to take the lot to create a convenient port for ships. The largest of them - Le Havre - located in the wide river estuary. Seine. Powerful dam protects numerous piers and docks from the sea. In the dam were left only a "gate" through which yurkie tugs pulling on the length of rope ocean vessels in port. Court under the flags of different countries are brought into the port Gavrsky bales of cotton and wool, bags of coffee and rice, rubber, mahogany for the manufacture of expensive furniture, spices and other goods. 
Le Havre - the first French port for passenger traffic and the second, after Marseilles, for the carriage of goods. Since the activities of this port city is closely connected life. Living in Le Havre serve guests arriving on ships. In Le Havre working shipyards, refineries and factories, processing oil and various raw materials brought into the port. The local industry is unable to rewrite all the imported raw materials, and Le Havre - a major entrepot. Cotton and wool, for example, is almost entirely directed to the north-eastern centers of textile production - in the city of Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing and in Alsace. The bulk of maritime cargo destined for Paris, Le Havre bypasses, following by water up the Seine. 
The bed of the Seine lies on the North-French lowlands. Around the wheat fields, lush green pastures, orchards of apple trees lined straightforward. This - Normandy, one of the oldest provinces, which formerly divided the French state. Now France is divided into departments, several for each of the former provinces. Normandy is famous for the production of butter and cheese, and apples from local farmers prepare cider - a drink known even outside the country.

The origin and history of the name of France

The name "France" comes from the Latin word "Francia", which literally means "the land of francs", or "Frankish land." There are various theories about the origin of the name francs. One theory is that the name derives from the Proto-Germanic word "Franconia", which translates as "spear or ax francs, known as" Francis. " 

Another proposed etymology says that the ancient German language franc translates as "fighting against slavery." This word still exists in French as franc, it is also used as the translation of "frank" and the name of the local money, until the arrival of the euro in 2000. 

Despite this, the ethnic name of francs could happen from the word, as well as the word might be from the name of francs, as only the Romans as the victorious class had the status of free people. In Germany, France is still called "Frankreich", which literally means "the kingdom of francs." In order to distinguish francs empire of Charlemagne, the modern French is called "Frankreich", while the kingdom francs called "Frankenreich". 

The word "free" is widely used in speech after the fall of Rome in the Middle Ages, and after the coronation of Hugo Kapeta, as the "King of francs" ( "Rex Francorum"), it has become commonplace in the Kingdom "Francia", which was France. Kings of the dynasty were descendants Kapetingov Robentinov, who left behind two kings Frankishey previously nosivshie the title of "Dukes of francs" ( "dux Francorum"). This duchy francs to cover most of modern northern France but because the royal power divided between the unit princes, the royal possession called cut. Since the central government extended to all the kingdom, in the end, it was a name for the entire Kingdom.

History France XX century

In the First World War the French army and the army suffered heavy losses, the north-east of France was turned into ruins, but despite this, France has acquired a European power. Since 1919, the aim of France was to keep Germany as far as possible from its territory, has developed a system of border defense and alliances. But unfortunately that was not enough, and 10 May 1940 in the beginning of World War II, the Nazis attacked and occupied Paris, the Italians came to the German troops. July 10, 1940 was a government of Vichy (French Vichy Government). In August 1944, France finally was freed troops allies, and it was a provisional government of Charles de Gaulle (French Charles de Gaulle). The Fourth Republic was formed on Dec. 24, 1946. France joined NATO.  

Charles de Gaulle 


Zhiskar d 'Esten  
But in May 1968, many of the violent student protests and strikes of the plant have undermined the government of Charles de Gaulle. The following year, de Gaulle's policy was changed by his successor, Georges Pompidou (French Georges Pompidou) on non-interference policy in relation to domestic economic issues. Conservative, pro-business climate contributed to the choice of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (French Valery Giscard d'Estaing) as president in 1974. 




The presidential election of 1981, defeated the socialist François Mitterrand (French Francois Mitterrand). In the first two years of government, a 12% inflation and the devaluation of the franc. In 1995 he was elected the new president, Jacques Chirac (French Jacques Chirac). French leaders are increasingly linked the future of France for the further development of the European Union. France is one of the founding partners of the European Union, as well as large tracts of all partners. During the tenure as president, Mitterrand has stressed the importance of European integration and advocated the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty (French Maastricht Treaty) in the European economic and political alliance with the French voters narrowly approved in September 1992.  

Jacques Chirac 


France is a developed country with the sixth largest economy in the world. Its main ideals are expressed in the Declaration on the Rights of man and citizen. France is also a founding member of the United Nations and a member of the Latin Union, the French language and the Group of Eight. France is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, with veto power, as well as being a recognized nuclear power. It is considered one of the great powers after World War II. France is the most popular international tourist attraction in the world, visited annually by more than 75 million foreign tourists.

History of France XVII to XIX century

XVII century was a period of extravagance and power of the French monarchy. King Louis XIII (French Louis XIII), and Cardinal Richelieu (French Cardinal Richelieu) have transformed the French feudal monarchy to absolute monarchy. The French king most associated with that period - that Louis XIV. 
Also known as sun-king, Louis XIV strengthened the power of all the local princes and the Lord, which render difficult the court life of his palace at Versailles. The purpose of this trial of life is to preserve the power of local princes and lords and did not undermine the authority of Louis. This period is also known for brilliant writers, architects and musicians, who were nominated by the royal court. Humor Louis XIV, costly foreign wars, which weakened the government, plunged France into an economic and financial crisis. Louis XIV died in 1715 and Louis XV ascended the throne. Bourgeoisie began demanding more political rights, and it was a big challenge for the successor of Louis.  

King Louis XIV 


Napoleon Bonaparte  
France was the scenario of many battles during the French Revolution at the beginning of 1789, as well as created the first Republic and the period of authoritarian rule of Napoleon Bonaparte (French Napoleon Bonaparte), who successfully defended the nascent republic from the enemy, and then became the first consul in 1799 and emperor in the 1804. The Congress of Vienna (1815) donapoleonovsky tried to restore order in the face of King Louis XVIII, but industrialization and the middle class, were in the power of Napoleon, they have demanded change, and, finally, Louis Philippe, the last of the Bourbons were overthrown in 1848. 


In 1852, Prince Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon I, has announced the Second Empire and took the throne as Napoleon III. However, Louis Napoleon had against the growing power of Prussia, and that broke the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871 gg.), And when the war was over his defeat, and he abdicated. 

Thus, the monarchy in France came to an end in 1871, and established the Third Republic. In 1889 it built what is now one of the most spectacular and visited monuments in the world. Eiffel Tower was built for the centennial of the French Revolution. Large and important contributions made in the nineteenth century Impressionist paintings, art nouveau, satirist Emile Zola (fr.Emile Zola) and the novelist Gustave Flaubert (French Gustave Flaubert).